Introduction
During root canal therapy, shaping, cleaning and dis-infection depend on accurate measurement of working length.1 Incorrect evaluation of working length can compromise the clinical outcome of the root canal ther-apy.2 The ideal end point of a root canal therapy has been debated by many authors.3, 4 Clinically, when canal preparation and filling are located within 2 mm from the radiographic apex, in the region of the apical con-striction, a higher success rate of the root canal therapy is achieved.5, 6 However, the apical constriction, usually the narrowest part of the root canal, is not easy to detect.7 Similarly, the cementodentinal junction, the transition between the pulpal and periodontal tissue, is considered the ideal end of a root canal therapy,8, 9 but it is variable and cannot be clinically detected.4, 7
Radiography, the anatomical average length of teeth, tactile sensation and moisture of a paper point are different methods used to determine working length.9 Radiography has been used for many years, but it has the limitation of providing a 2D image of a 3D com-plex structure. The use of radiographs alone in working length determination led to over-instrumentation in 33% of molars and 56% of premolars.10 The intro-duction of electronic apex locators (EALs) into clinical practice allowed, when used with appropriate radiographs, the determination of a more predictable and accurate working length,11, 12 and a substantially lower number of radiographs are necessary when using EALs, consequently reducing patient exposure to X-ray radiation.13 Vieyra et al. showed that Root ZX located minor foramina 68% of the time in premolar and anterior teeth compared with radiographs, which did so 20% and 11% of the time in anterior and premolar teeth, respectively.14
In the last decades, different generations of EALs have been developed. Several studies have been conducted on different EALs to evaluate their accuracy under different conditions.15–18 The DentaPort ZX (J. Morita) is a third-generation EAL based on dual frequencies (8 and 0.4 kHz), and it is considered the gold standard EAL to which any new device should be compared. Several ex vivo19 and in vivo20 studies have clearly demonstrated its precision. Among these studies, as an example, Connert et al. showed that, in a com-parison of nine apex locators using micro-CT, the DentaPort ZX was the most accurate at detecting apical constrictions and major foramina, having an accuracy of 99% and 100%, within a tolerance of ± 0.5 mm or ± 1.0 mm, respectively.15
AirPex (Eighteeth, Changzhou Sifary Medical Technology) is a new wireless apex locator that is charged on a charging base. It weighs 15 g, and its dimensions are 4.8 × 2.8 × 1.6 cm. In the literature, no data is yet avail-able on this EAL. Thus, the aim of the present ex vivo study was to compare the accuracy of the AirPex and the DentaPort ZX EALs in determining working length in extracted teeth.
Material and methods
In this study, 15 single-rooted teeth, extracted for periodontal or orthodontic reasons, were selected. The teeth were placed in a 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution for 2 hours in order to remove organic residue. The remaining tissue was removed from the external root surfaces using a periodontal scaling instrument. Finally, the teeth were stored in normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) before testing.
To rule out previously treated root canals, open apices, resorbed roots, teeth with two canals or teeth filled with amalgam or composite, two digital radiographs in both buccolingual and mesiodistal projections were obtained. After standard access cavity preparation, the patency of the apical foramen was assessed with size 10 and 15 K-files (Dentsply Maillefer). Samples in which a size 20 K-file reached the apex were ruled out and substituted.
The actual working length (AWL) was determined by introducing a size 10 K-file into the canal until its tip emerged in the apical foramen under 20× magnification using a stereomicroscope (Zeiss Axiophot, Carl Zeiss) linked to a digital camera (Moticam Pro SMP, Motic; Fig. 1). With the aim of reducing the risk of stop-per movement, two silicone stoppers were positioned on the file. After the removal of the file, the distance between the stoppers and the file tip was measured to establish the AWL.
The roots of each tooth were immersed in a plastic boxed with alginate, leaving the most coronal 5 mm uncovered. Alginate was useful for obtaining an environment as analogous as possible to the oral one. The wire of the EAL was connected to the file inserted into the root canal, while the lip clip was immersed in the alginate.
AirPex (Fig. 2) and the DentaPort ZX (Fig. 3) were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. When the AirPex was used, a size 10 K-file was inserted gently until the red bar appeared on the device and then retracted until the apical position was reached (last green bar at the 0.0 mark). When the operator used the DentaPort ZX, a size 10 K-file was introduced through the root canal until the device showed a red line on the display, in-dicating that the apex had been reached. It was then removed to the last green line on the display.
Measurements were considered valid if the reading remained stable for at least 5 seconds. Each measurement was repeated three times for each tooth and each EAL, and in order to reduce bias, all measurements were taken by the same operator and repeated three times. All working lengths were measured on the file using a digital caliper, and the mean value was considered the result.
All measurements recorded were expressed as means and standard deviations. Positive values indicated measurements that extruded beyond the apical foramen, and negative values indicated measurements that were short of the apical foramen. The measurements were grouped according to the device used to obtain them. Differences between the electronic working length (EWL) and the AWL were paired, and statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests, a significant difference set at P < 0.05.
Results
When considering a margin of accuracy of ± 0.5 mm, AirPex showed an accuracy of 84.5% and the DentaPort ZX showed an accuracy of 86.6%. Considering a margin of accuracy of ± 1 mm, the two EALs showed an accuracy of 100%. The main difference between EWL and AWL was 0.09 ± 0.33 mm for AirPex and 0.08 ± 0.35 mm for the DentaPort ZX (Fig. 4). No statistically significant differences were found between AirPex and the Denta-Port ZX (P > 0.05).
Discussion
The aim of this study was to compare ex vivo the ac-curacy of two EALs, AirPex and the DentaPort ZX. The accuracy of the two EALs was evaluated considering the major foramen more reproducible than the apical constriction.21 Moreover, in the present study, as elec-tronically measured canal length was influenced by the root canal diameter, singlerooted teeth with narrow root canals were selected, and a size 10 K-file was used to obtain AWL and EWL. In fact, Ebrahim et al. reported that, when the diameter of a root canal increased, electronic measurement with a small K-file become shorter22 and that, in wide apical foramina, the EALs become more reliable at determining the working length of teeth if a tight-fit file was used.23
Alginate was used in the present study to simulate periodontal ligament and to ensure the best medium possible for testing the EALs ex vivo. Alginate as a substitute for periodontal ligament was investigated by Lipski et al., who showed a 100% rate of correct measurement.24 On the contrary, gelatine, agar-agar, saline and flower sponge soaked in saline showed a rate of correct measurement of 96.7%, 76.7%, 73.4% and 63.4%, respectively.25
The presence of irrigants inside root canals does not affect the accuracy of the majority of the latest generations of EALs.26 Duran-Sindreu et al. compared in vivo the accuracy of Root ZX and iPex in determining working length in the presence of two different irrigant solu-tions.27 They reported statistically significant differences between the two apex locators, but their accuracy was not affected by 2.5% NaOCl or 2.0% chlorhexidine.27 Çınar and Üstün compared in vivo the accuracy of Propex Pixi, Root ZX mini and RAYPEX 5 using micro-CT.29 They found no differences in determining working length measured in the presence of blood, pulp tissue or NaOCl.28 Tsesis et al., in a systematic review and meta-analysis, concluded that the presence of vital or necrotic pulp has no effect on the precision of EALs.29 In the present ex vivo study, conducted under normal conditions, the EWL measurements were very accurate for both AirPex and the DentaPort ZX.
The results of the present study are in agreement with previous in vivo and in vitro investigations. Saatchi et al., in an in vivo study, reported that the DentaPort ZX showed an accuracy to within ± 0.5 mm of 93.8% in the presence of periapical periodontitis and of 93.3% in teeth with normal periapices.30 Piasecki et al. showed in vivo that Root ZX II located the apical foramen accurately to within ± 0.5 mm in 83% of the teeth with periapical periodontitis and in 100% of the vital teeth.31 Stöber et al., under in vivo clinical conditions, measured a mean distance of 0.146 ± 0.430 mm from the AWL to the file tip and an accuracy to within ± 0.5 mm of 72% and to within ± 1.0 mm of 100%.32 Silveira et al. reported an accuracy of Root ZX of 91.7% in detecting apical constrictions in vivo.33 Comparing working length determination in vivo and in vitro, Duran-Sindreu et al. reported that Root ZX was accurate to ± 0.5 mm 74% of the time in vitro and to ± 0.5 mm 78.3% of the time in vivo.34 Soares et al. evaluated Root ZX II in detecting major foramina and found an accuracy to 0.5 mm in vivo and in vitro of 70% and 70% of the time, respectively.35 The differences in the results shown in these studies for the accuracy of DentaPort XZ could be explained by the different methods used to establish the AWL.
This is the first ex vivo study involving AirPex. No previous scientific literature has been published on this EAL. The data showed comparable results with the DentaPort ZX (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
In conclusion, AirPex and the DentaPort ZX were accurate in detecting working length, showed no statistically significant differences in accuracy and showed accuracy to within ± 0.5 mm.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Eighteeth (Changzhou Sifary Medical Technology) for donating the AirPex apex locators for this study.
Dr Rosalba Diana, Dr Raffaella Castagnola, Dr Mauro Colangeli, Claudia Panzetta, Dr Luca Marigo, Dr Nicola Maria Grande, Dr Filippo Cardinali & Dr Gianluca Plotino, Italy
Editorial note: A list of references is available from the publisher.
